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A desperate mother who has chained her autistic son up for years has now released a shocking video which reveals how he lives, limbs bound by metal, in a desperate bid to secure medical help.
Marisa Padilha, 47, who lives in the city of Fernandopolis, in the south eastern Brazilian state of Sao Paulo, says her son Andre harms himself if he is not restrained in this way.
Andre, now aged 28, has been kept in chains for 13 years since he became more violent as a teenager , she says.
His behaviour started to change aged 10 and the medicine and therapy he was prescribed for autism had little effect and Marisa now thinks the diagnosis is either inaccurate or incomplete.
She said: "He takes some pills per day and even then he keeps beating himself, biting himself and shouting a lot. He must have a bigger problem that has not been diagnosed."